En la República Argentina la implementación del Programa Asignación Universal por Hijo en el mes de octubre de 2009 significó un importante cambio en las políticas sociales direccionadas hacia la infancia. Si bien en su intención es más abarcativa que los programas sociales focalizados ejecutados desde el año 2002 (con el cambio de modelo económico), no llega a ser un programa social universal en toda la extensión de la expresión. Este trabajo se propone analizar el impacto de esta medida sobre la pobreza de los hogares en la provincia de Jujuy (noroeste de la República Argentina), en base a una estimación sobre microdatos de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares del Aglomerado San Salvador de Jujuy – Palpalá para el año 2009. A partir de esta fuente se definen cuáles son los hogares que podrían acceder al beneficio y se simula cómo cambiarían los niveles de pobreza e indigencia en el caso de obtenerlo efectivamente. Con el fin de contrastar esa mirada cuantitativa con la escasa información cualitativa disponible se revisan diversos medios de comunicación de alcance nacional, procurando encontrar pistas de las controversias y adhesiones suscitadas en torno de dicho programa y se relevan, para el caso de Jujuy, las principales dificultades para acceder a este beneficio por parte de la población que se encuentra en situación de pobreza o indigencia. Así, con un abordaje mixto, se intenta dar cuenta de la posible magnitud del impacto de la asignación universal por hijo en Jujuy sobre las condiciones de vida de los hogares afectados y se estudian dificultades y limitaciones en el acceso a dicha asignación, señalando posibles alternativas para su superación.

In Argentina, the implementation of the Programa Asignación Universal por Hijo in October 2009 brought about a significant change in childhood-oriented social policies. Although its purpose is broader than that of the specific social programs implemented since 2002 (with the change in the economic model), the scope of the Program is not as wide as it is claimed to be. The purpose of this study is to discuss the impacts of this measure on households poverty in the province of Jujuy (north-west of the Argentine Republic) based on estimates from microdata of the Encuesta Permanente de Hogares in San Salvador de Jujuy - Palpalá for 2009. Based on this information, it may be determined what households would be entitled to the referred allowance and it may be simulated how poverty and extreme destitution rates would change if such benefit were actually received.
With the aim of comparing this quantitative approach to the little qualitative information available, we review various means of communication with national scope in order to find clues to the controversies and support in connection with the program, focused on the main difficulties for the poor or extremely destitute population in accessing this benefit in Jujuy. Thus, based on a two-fold approach, we intend to show the extent to which the children’s allowance program in Jujuy may impact life conditions of the households in question and to analyze the difficulties and limitations regarding access to such benefit, pointing out possible alternatives to address these issues.

En este artículo se analiza la participación laboral de personas de 60 y más años residentes en áreas urbanas argentinas, a partir de procesamientos especiales de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares del tercer trimestre del 2009. Con este propósito, se enfatiza el análisis de la ocupación principal entre quienes trabajaban y de la última ocupación entre los desempleados. Se evalúa la percepción de beneficios previsionales y la intensidad de la ocupación en diferentes edades en aquellos grupos ocupacionales que concentraban a la mayoría de las personas mayores ocupadas.

El articulo muestra la dualidad del perfil de los mayores ocupados, porque entre los varones con nivel de escolaridad muy bajo, bajo y medio predominaba la inserción en ocupaciones de la construcción, la comercialización directa, la producción industrial y artesanal, el transporte, la dirección de pequeñas microempresas, la reparación de bienes de consumo, la gestión administrativa, planificación y control, los servicios sociales varios y los servicios de vigilancia y seguridad civil. A su vez, entre las mujeres con la misma escolaridad se destacaba la inserción en servicios de limpieza domésticos y no domésticos, la comercialización directa, la gestión administrativa planificación y control, la producción industrial y artesanal, la salud y sanidad, el cuidado y la atención de personas y los servicios gastronómicos. Por otra parte, entre los más escolarizados prevalecían los ocupados en la educación, la salud, la dirección de pequeñas y medianas empresas, la gestión administrativa y la comercialización.

This paper provides an analysis of the work participation of people aged 60 and above residing in urban areas in Argentina, from data specially processed from the Encuesta Permanente de Hogares for the third quarter of 2009. With this purpose, emphasis is made on the main occupation among those who work and the last occupation among those who are unemployed. The collection of pension benefits is evaluated, together with the intensity of occupation at different ages in the occupational groups that have a majority of employed senior citizens.

The article shows the duality of the profile of employed senior citizens since among men with a very low, low and medium level of education the main occupations were Construction, Direct Marketing, Industrial and Artisan Production, Transportation, Management of Microenterprises, Repair of Consumer Goods, Administrative Management, Planning and Control, Several Social Services and Civil Surveillance and Security. In turn, among women with the same levels of education, the main occupations were Domestic and Non-Domestic Cleaning Services, Direct Marketing, Administrative Management, Planning and Control, Industrial and Artisan Production, Health and Healthcare, Care Giving and Gastronomic Services. On the other side, among those with a higher level of education, the main occupations were Education, Health, Management of Small and Medium Enterprises, Administrative Management and Marketing.

El trabajo realizado por las niñas, niños y adolescentes es señalado en la literatura como uno de los factores con mayor impacto sobre el abandono escolar y el rendimiento académico. Si bien existe evidencia de esta relación todavía hay mucho que aportar debido a su ambigüedad relativa: Muchos estudios muestran también que el trabajo de niñas, niños y jóvenes resulta un complemento (y no un sustituto) de su formación. En este trabajo se analizan los determinantes de la asistencia escolar y del trabajo infantil y adolescente y la relación entre ambas actividades, usando datos de 9 países de la región entre principios y mediados de la presente década. Se concluye que existe un trade-off importante entre el estudio y el trabajo y que dicho trade-off es mayor entre los varones.

What do we know about inequality in educational attainment across Argentina's cities? To answer this question, we present the education Gini coefficient for the period 2002-2007. Using microdata from the national household survey, we document the following results. First, educational inequality has declined in almost all metropolitan areas whereas it has increased in Posadas, Mar del Plata, Rosario and Formosa. Second, although there are no important differences in the average years of schooling across cities, great disparities exist with respect to the education Gini. Buenos Aires City is in a leading position, especially in relation to the northeast region of the country and, particularly, Posadas city.

In this paper, we estimate returns to education in Argentina and explores some hypotheses derived from theoretical and conceptual framework proposed by the work of Knight (1979) and Beccaria (1986), under which it is important to incorporate considerations the production structure in which to insert the employed.
The data come from the Permanent Household Survey, modality specific and cover the period 1995-2003. The methodology consists of estimating functions Mincer total and by region and computing the returns, both returns on the assumption linear years of education, as well as by the highest level reached.
The most relevant is the relative uniformity of returns to education between comparing regions and the regional differential in the effect that consideration of the bias introduced by insertion of the employed labor. Also improvement was noted a gender disparity in returns corrected for bias.

This paper explores the hypothesis of labor market segmentation, investigating particularly the possibility of segmentation in the formal sector in the Greater Buenos Aires (GBA). The latter is an unexamined assumption, at least in the literature has been reviewed both theoretical and empirical, which traditionally assigned
the formal sector a homogeneous structure.
The data used come from the Permanent Household Survey and Module informality and relieved that it was designed in conjunction with the survey in GBA agglomerate in the fourth quarter of 2005.
The methodology is to estimate wage gaps between workers formal and informal sector from a formal set of procedures parametric and a semiparametric which lead to more robust conclusions than those derived using a single method.
The most relevant is the evidence found in favor of segmentation formal sector in the GBA. The importance of this finding lies in its implications respect of a group of workers, informal workers, who are not only discriminated against in terms of salary but, by the presence of barriers to entry formal jobs, remain under unfavorable working conditions associated with informality.

This paper examines the determinants of the use of time made by children and youth with
special reference to those related to adverse impacts (idiosyncratic or global) on
household welfare. Many of the households that see their incomes reduced resort to
spouse labor force to achieve a more even income. It seems that the households that use
spouse labor force recover at least part of the lost income, and that this effect is stronger
in households from the lowest socioeconomic stratum. Taking into account these shortterm
results, the question that guides this research is whether the use of strategies based
on reserved labor force entails long-term costs. One way to approach this issue is first to
examine if the impacts faced by households make children and youth go into the labor
market, and if this is so, then to analyze if this fact has an effect on the level and quality
of the human capital accumulation process that takes place at these ages. However, since
the interruption of schooling at childhood and youth is the end of a process, other
responses that alter the quality of the acquired human capital and are directly observable
with traditional variables are examined.

Objective: To estimate empirically the short and long-term effects on cigarette demand in Argentina based on changes in cigarette price and income.
Method: We analyzed data from the Ministry of Economy and Production of Argentina. Analysis was based on monthly time-series data between 1994 and 2004. The econometrics specification is a linear double-logarithmic form using cigarettes consumption per person older than 14 y. as dependent variable and real income per person older than 14 y. and the real average price of cigarettes sales as independent variables. Empirical analyses were done in three steps: 1) To verify the order of integration of the variables using the augmented Dickey-Fuller test; 2) To test for co-integration using the Johansen-Juselius maximum likelihood approach to capture the long-term effects; and 3) To utilize the Vector error-correction model to capture the short-run dynamics of the variables.
Results: The empirical results showed that in the long-term period the demand for cigarettes in Argentina is affected by changes in real income and real average price of cigarettes. The value of income elasticity is equal to 0.54 while the value of own-price elasticity is equal to -0.34.
The results using vector error-correction model estimation suggest that the short-term cigarette demand in Argentina is independent of price (not statistically significant). The value of the short-term income elasticity is equal to 0.49.
A simulation exercise show that increasing the prices in a 120% we can obtain a maximum of revenues from cigarette tax and obtain also a big impact in the fall of the total consumption of cigarettes in the country.